The Man Called Howard Hughes - 1729 Words

Howard Hughes, a man of stature, an innovator of planes and movies; he seemed to have it all. But with his far from copacetic mental health, his life was consistently crippled by his reclusiveness and inner anguish; both mentally and physically. He had tremendous OCD and agoraphobia that constantly plagued him. For example, while directing The Outlaw, Hughes became obsessed about a very small flaw in one of Jane Russells blouses, nitpicking about the seams in the fabric. He apparently was so upset that he wrote a detailed memorandum on how they could fix it. Writing memoranda seemed to also be a compulsion of his, as he wrote a three paged, single page memorandum on how his aids should open up a can of fruit. pg 233 His extreme and irrational fear of germs developed a pattern of meticulousness within his every-day life. Because of this, he almost never left his home theater. In the theater, he would wipe down his chair, ottoman, side table, and telephone with Kleenex; methodically cl eaning his phone from the earpiece to the cord repeatedly throughout each day. (232) This is shown by the circumstance when Bill Gay, once of his employees wives became sick. He ordered Gay to work from home to prevent spreading the germs. This occured in 1958. Hughes didnt allow Gay back in his presence until 15 years later, in 1973. (234) He used his extreme wealth to avoid his obsessions instead of facing them. He could not develop a sufficient coping mechanism for his problems and wouldShow MoreRelatedHoward Hughes and the Flight of the Spruce Goose742 Words   |  3 Pagesremembered for only one thing, Howard Robard Hughes once said, and thats my contribution to aviation. (LIFE) Howard Hughes was known as a mysterious, inventive, and reclusive character. Hughes was an American entrepreneur who became one of the most wealthiest people during the 1930s and 1940s. Howard Hughes was one of the most famous aviators of all time with the production of his world wide known plane call ed the Spruce Goose. (Howard Robard Hughes) Howard Hughes was born in Humble, Texas onRead MoreHoward Robard Hughes s Life990 Words   |  4 PagesHoward Robard Hughes was a very inventive, attention getting man. He was an out-spoken entrepreneur who was best known for his hard work and dedication in motion pictures and the aviation industry. His inherited fortune gave him the opportunity to start building on his dreams at an early age. Although Howard remained in the news his entire life he was not always looked on favorably in the public s eye. In later years his paranoia left him a recluse and in twenty years he had not been seen or photographedRead MoreEssay on Howard Hughes970 Words   |  4 PagesHoward Hughes Howard Robard Hughes was a very inventive, attention getting man. He was an out-spoken entrepreneur who was best known for his hard work and dedication in motion pictures and the aviation industry. His inherited fortune gave him the opportunity to start building on his dreams at an early age. Although Howard remained in the news his entire life he was not always looked on favorably in the public’s eye. In later years his paranoia left him a recluse and in twenty years he had notRead MoreNixon the Villain?: The Watergate Scandal Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pages1972. This scandal occurred when five men were caught trying to wiretap the Democratic Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. At 1:55 A.M., Frank Wills, a security guard at the Watergate hotel, discovered evidence of a break-in and called the police. The five men, who broke into the hotel, tried to wiretap the sixth floor where the headquarters was but failed. Though it now makes sense, it was a surprise t o many people when Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl BernsteinRead MoreEssay on The Life and Legend of Howard Hughes3925 Words   |  16 PagesThe Life and Legend of Howard Hughes Throughout the 20th century, it has been the media’s job to pinpoint what events and people would prove to be an effective story. This was certainly the case for Howard R. Hughes. Son to the wealthy Howard Hughes Sr., Howard became the interest of the American people and newspapers for most of his life. Being deemed one of the most famous men of the mid-20th century was greatly attributed to Hughes’s skills as an industrialist, aviator, and motion-picture producerRead MoreThe World War 2 Rotary Wing Aviation1517 Words   |  7 Pages At the close of World War 2 rotary-wing aviation began its transition into a so-called â€Å"renaissance† period. New and exciting advancements were being made to give new aircraft greater stability and range. After many demonstrations on exactly what an aircraft could do, the United States Army decided to adopt rotary wing aircraft to fill a search and rescue (SAR) role initially. During the Korean War, medical evacuations and sear ch and rescue missions took up the majority of missions for our pilotsRead MoreSegregation Of The Blacks By Langston Hughes911 Words   |  4 Pageswas Langston Hughes, which was a poet that wrote about the black community and what they struggled with in their everyday lives. He would even compare the lives of African Americans to the lives of the whites. During the times of his poems, slavery was over but the mistreating of the blacks wasn’t. Hughes talked about the dream the African Americans had and how the whites were putting it off. As this chapter continued, we learned about a man named Martin Luther King Jr. He was a man that always stuckRead MoreEssay about The Development of Black Playwright3240 Words   |  13 Pagescentury when African Americans fought for freedom and equal rights. The major figureheads who developed and moved black playwright forward were William Wells Brown, Angelina Weld Grimke, Willis Richardson, Alain Leroy Locke, James Baldwin, Langston Hug hes and Lorraine Hansberry. African Americans’ ancestors were chained, shrouded in death and pain they were dragged on long journeys across the sea from their home to work till their very last breath on fields run by colonists. With slavery being theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Word Black By Langston Hughes827 Words   |  4 Pages We are affected in many ways based on race and social status. It is how we over come these challenges, that makes us who we are. The question is what is wrong with black? I read an essay by Langston Hughes in which he breaks down the use of the word black. This essay provides the idea of how the word black creates a negative impression of African Americans. I found this essay rather interesting and biased in some cases, but it is an essay I feel everyone should read. In this essay he uses explainsRead MoreMccarthyism : Mccarthyism And Mccarthyism1647 Words   |  7 Pagesbeaming so bright that you can barely see. All of the sudden the judge enters the courtroom before you. Af ter the judge and this man named Joseph McCarthy asks you questions regarding the Communist Party. You stutter through the microphone and you are hesitant on what to say. This will go down in history as an era with intimidation and very aggressive forms of bullying called McCarthyism. McCarthyism was a campaign or practice that endorses the use of unfair allegations and investigations. It all started

Prostate Cancer The Most Prevalent Nonskin Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent nonskin cancer among men in the United States and is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. While prostate cancer is most regularly diagnosed in men at the age of 65 years and older, the occurrence can begin at 50. One in 6 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. As researchers explore this form of cancer; men also need to know it’s essential to understand early prostate cancer is treatable. By these patients exploring these insights and investigating the lived experience of older men, it can provide a positive coping mechanisms. Introduction The lived experience of men diagnosed with prostate cancer can be understood as a phenomenology of human experience.†¦show more content†¦A digital rectal exam is completed yearly to establish prostate location, size, and the presence of nodules. (ACS, 2011) Research phenomenon identifies these concepts of values, fears and consider the lived significance and its importance to each person’s perception of their particular experience. The clear purpose of this lived experience of men being diagnosed with prostate cancer is to use qualitative research by collecting data in a real world experience of the men, using a realistic setting, and by organizing interviews of the participant’s life. In qualitative conclusions researches emphasis on the congruent environment of reality, the familiar connections between the researcher, studies and situational limitations that designed the investigations. The project significance consists of steps of existential human knowledge; lived space (spatiality), lived body (corporeality), lived time (temporality) and lived other (relationality), all describe the way these men may experience this situation in their world. (Krumwiede, Krumwiede, 2012) Review of the Literature Phenomenology is a guided analysis and transformed personal experience into disciplinary understanding. This style of research (lived experience) also delivers a clear identified method for these men such as, using semi-structured and open-ended questions addressing the lived experience. This research helped these men to clarify, predict possible outcomes, recognize the phenomena of the understanding of

Business Research Method Complexity and Approximation

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Method for Complexity and Approximation. Answer: Introduction The development of the world with respect to the changing time has led to the introduction of complex techniques in the industry thereby producing extensive goods and services. However, with the improvement in the service and products, there has been the development of various business problems. These problems often lead to the reduction in the production function thereby, decreasing the efficiency of the firm. There needs to be provisions within an organization to rectify the business problems from time to time so that they can be improved swiftly. The identification of these problems requires extensive analysis of the manufacturing and business process. The problems are identified using the hypothesis and then various research methods are taken into consideration to find out the best method, which can be implemented so as to eliminate the problem (Feldmann 2015). The career action plan to design the business function is important so that no future problems arises. The concerned study finds out the various problems connected with the organization Lawton, Langridge, Lypton and Lawless Solicitors, a law and audit firm. The study helps to find out the business problems pertaining to the firm and methods to rectify the problem. Business Problem The most crucial problem the law firm faces is the lack of motivation among the data clerks. It is due to the fact that their office is on the 35th floor, which is separated from the other departments and has a monotonous work. The lack of responsibility towards these employees reduces their initiatives to work harder (Hardoy 2013). The other problem the firm is facing is the lack of goal among the employees. This is mainly due to the supervisor of the Word Processing Center Mrs. Blakely, as she does not possess any leadership qualities. She is ignorant and does not inspire or motivate her employees and delegates work or trains them. She does not want to solve any problems pertaining to the errors with respect to the data. There also exist the problem of communication and therefore, an ineffective communication persists in all the departments of the firm. Thus, it is important for the firm to rectify all the problems existing in the Word Processing Center of the firm. Lack of Motivation among the WPC employees The employees of this division do not possess any motivation. Motivation is an important aspect as it generates the willingness to put extra effort to reach the organizational goals. The clerks therefore, feel that they are separated from the other divisions in the 35th floor and only have contact with the supervisor. The turnover rate in the organization is high because only a few employees have been working in the firm for over a year. It is also a factor for the decrease in the potential growth and obstruction to reach their goal (Brinkmann 2014). The esteem needs according to the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs of the employees is also reduced as function a monotonous type of work. Leadership Quality of Mrs. Blakely The leadership style of Mrs. Blakely is autocratic in nature as she tries to centralize the authority to herself. She is the one who commands the work, makes unilateral decisions, and restricts the participation of her subordinates. She allocates the work to the employees everyday rather than giving them the power to decide. The interactions with the employees from other divisions are also restricted and thus, clarification about any problems cannot be discussed with the solicitors. It is said that a proper leadership style will create a structure that will be helpful for attaining the organizational goal and encourage the employees to work harder. The supervisor has knowledge about the fact that her employees feel their job is boring but still has not created any goal. She does not possess any interpersonal skills and is reluctant to spend time with the employees in the WPC unit. There are plenty of errors in the unit as there is no training in this section about how the work is to be done (Myers 2013). The process of feedback is also unavailable, as she does not have time to check their work. Ineffective Communication at the Law firm There exists a poor line of communication system among the various departments of the law firm. It is known that the employees of the WPC unit do not have any direct contact with the other employees and moreover, the solicitor Mr. Lawton was inefficient to listen to th4e complaints of his employees. The report from the management level about the deteriorating skills of the employees and negligence towards training has alerted the owners (Eriksson 2015). The owners do not have knowledge about their employees and have a direct contact only with Mrs. Blakely and therefore, do not understand their problems. Lack of teamwork in the WPC unit There are plenty of characteristics which reveal the effectiveness of a team. However, with respect to the WPC unit, there exist no team work among the employees and the supervisor. The employees do not possess a specific goal resulting in long breaks in work and late comings by the employees shows their lack of commitment towards their work. The employees are not even worthy of being data clerks as they are prone to plenty of mistakes. The existence of a weak culture within the organization hinders the development of mutual trust (Wilson 2014). The lack of good communication system affects the work of the WPC unit. It is also seen that the clerks do not have any negotiating skills because the present of this skill would have eliminated the problems pertaining in the WPC unit. An effective team environment is also missing as the supervisor is least bothered to create one as she is not present most of the time and does not encourage any group activities. The isolating factor of this u nit actually affects the team spirit. Hypothesis It is for sure that the firm, Lawton, Langridge, Lypton and Lawless Solicitors face various dilemmas with respect to the firm and the vital problems comprise of communication, motivation among the employees of WPC and the inefficient leadership style of Mrs. Blakely. The elimination of these problems will lead to the eradication of the minor ones (Ball 2012). According to Null Hypothesis, the leadership style will not get affected with the lack of communication and motivation among the employees. The Alternative Hypothesis on the other hand states that with the lack of motivation and communication among the employees, the leadership style and quality will get affected. Therefore, it is through the research method that the following issue can be resolved. Research Method There are various research methods, which can be used to evaluate the problems pertaining to a business. In this study, qualitative method is used to find out the problems which are affecting the WPC unit of the firm. The qualitative method involves the preparation of questionnaires to survey the employees working in the WPC unit. The research method also undertakes interviews of certain employees to underline the basic problems, which are affecting the business (Deutsch 2013). The method also uses the method of taking a few employees as participants and interviewing them with relevant questions to find out the problems, which are decreasing their efficiency of work. Solutions for WPC Employee motivation The solution involves the appointment of two solicitors along with an individual data clerk. This process will thereby increase the contact level with the other divisions of the firm. The work space for the WPC unit can be placed near the office of the solicitor designated. The data clerks working on the same thing can be placed together in the same floor therefore, enabling them to operate a various number of activities rather than performing the same work. These initiatives can improve the work skills of the employees and increase their initiative to achieve the organizational goals. The data clerks can even meet as a group every week to discuss and mitigate their problems. However, such initiatives may not increase productivity as the employees may feel intimidated by the solicitors. The problem of coming late and slacking off may still sustain (Zikmund 2013). The employees may not maintain the extra workload gained from these changes and their skills may not improve. The provision of having different levels of data clerk may help resolve the solution. Such an initiative for a better working environment encourages the employees to work harder to receive more challenging tasks. The undisciplined work behavior may also get restricted. The error level will also reduce and a better efficiency level may be achieved. In order to get promoted, the employees will try to perform their tasks properly thereby helping them to identify the origin of the problems. However, the problem that may still exist is the fact that the employees are still doing the same work every day (Demyanov 2013). The problem of animosities still exists between the employees. The creation of an absolute goal for the employees will inspire them to work harder as they will now have a definite goal in front of them thereby creating a competition among the employees to work harder and reach the objectives. The achievement of the goals will lead to promotion and acknowledgement from the firm. Effective Communication System The remedy of having a proper and efficient communicating system will be through regular meetings and discussions in every department and also among the various divisions so that all the discrepancies and the problems pertaining to the business can be addressed and thereby solving the problems and creating the best working culture and environment. The initiation of having informal get together and events among all the existing employees of the firm will help to resolve the problems and will create bondage with the firm as the employees will feel that the firm thinks about their welfare. The creation of such a thought will motivate them to work harder and achieve the organizational goals of the firm. The initiation for the development of surveys and questionnaires to get the employee feedback will be essential to find out their problems and a proper discuss on these findings will improve the work ethics and culture in the firm (Collis 2013). Solutions for Effective Leadership in WPC The first solution available is firing the supervisor Mrs. Blakely due to her incompetence, which also increases the initiative of the employees, as they earlier did not receive much responsibility. The supervisor does care for them but does not delegate any responsibility. She even has not tried to inspire them, knowing the fact that their job is boring (Blumberg 2014). However, firing Mrs. Blakely might affect the firm as she holds a lot of experience and finding an alternative with the same amount of knowledge may be difficult. It is known that the supervisor has become complacent about her work. The initiation of a work appraisal will redefine her role in the firm. She can review her work and transform all the inefficient skills. The review however may not be useful as the firm thinks highly about her. The supervisor thinks highly about herself and such an appraisal may not be fruitful. Career Action Plan This plan includes the combination of designating the employees to the solicitors and creating individual goals. The setting of goal is crucial, as it will inspire the employees to evaluate their role in the firm. The appointment of each WPC employee to a solicitor, the employee can identify their needs and motivators like the recognition, responsibility etc can be achieved (Feldmann 2015). The combination of all the factors relating to the effective communication system can be used. The surveys and the questionnaires can be used during the meetings to solve the problems pertaining to the business. The meetings will create active listening and will generate a process for feedback. The mixture of work appraisal for Mrs. Blakely undergoing a work appraisal and the appointment of a manager in the WPC unit among the employees will eradicate combat of the leadership skills. Mrs. Blakely would still hold her post but the presence of a manager in the unit will create discipline and inspire them to work harder (Vogel 2014). The presence of a manager will create a possibility of a democratic style of leadership. During the time of any problem, the manager can take the assistance of the supervisor to gain her advice. A personal evaluation taken by Mrs. Blakely will identify her infectiveness to lead to the WPC unit. Reference List Ausiello, Giorgio, Pierluigi Crescenzi, Giorgio Gambosi, Viggo Kann, Alberto Marchetti-Spaccamela, and Marco Protasi.Complexity and approximation: Combinatorial optimization problems and their approximability properties. Springer Science Business Media, 2012. Ball, Donald, Michael Geringer, Michael Minor, and Jeanne McNett.International business. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2012. Blumberg, Boris F., Donald R. Cooper, and Pamela S. Schindler.Business research methods. McGraw-hill education, 2014. Brinkmann, Svend.Interview. Springer New York, 2014. Bryman, Alan, and Emma Bell.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. Collis, Jill, and Roger Hussey.Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan, 2013. Demyanov, Vladimir F., and Diethard Pallaschke, eds.Nondifferentiable Optimization: Motivations and Applications: Proceedings of an IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis) Workshop on Nondifferentiable Optimization Held at Sopron, Hungary, September 1722, 1984. Vol. 255. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Deutsch, Christophe. "The Seeking Solutions Approach: Solving Challenging Business Problems with Local Open Innovation."Technology Innovation Management Review3, no. 3 (2013): 6. Eriksson, Pivi, and Anne Kovalainen.Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage, 2015. Feldmann, Peter, and Vladimir Zolotov. "Cross-talk noise computation using mixed integer linear program problems and their solutions." U.S. Patent 9,189,584, issued November 17, 2015. Hardoy, Jorge E., Diana Mitlin, and David Satterthwaite.Environmental problems in an urbanizing world: finding solutions in cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Routledge, 2013. McKenzie, Sophie, Jo Coldwell-Neislon, Stuart Palmer, and Kathryn Coleman. "Understanding career aspirations of Information Technology students at Deakin University." InTeaching, Assessment and Learning (TALE), 2014 International Conference on, pp. 301-305. IEEE, 2014. Myers, Michael D.Qualitative research in business and management. Sage, 2013. Vogel, Edgar H., and Pablo A. Reyes. "MATCHING INDIVIDUAL CAREER DEVELOPMENT WITH INSTITUTIONAL GOALS: A CASE STUDY."The Dean in the University of the Future(2014): 98. Wilson, Jonathan.Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage, 2014. Zikmund, William G., Barry J. Babin, Jon C. Carr, and Mitch Griffin.Business research methods. Cengage Learning, 2013.

The Ear Essay Research Paper THE EARThe free essay sample

The Ear Essay, Research Paper THE Ear The Ear is one of the five sense variety meats. It allows us to hear. Hearing is one of our most of import senses. Speech development depends on hearing. Without hearing, our address would non sound right. Children learn to speak by copying what other people say. Hearing is non a simple procedure. Movement causes sounds, so there are tonss of things to hear. Sounds travel in moving ridges. The moving ridges enter the ear, and the encephalon interprets the sound signals as sounds. Surprisingly, the ear besides helps us balance. There are three chief parts of the ear. The three parts are the outer ear, in-between ear, and certain plenty, the interior ear. The outer ear is made up of two chief parts. The two parts are the auricula atrii and the external auditory canal. The auricula atrii is the portion of the ear you see on people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ear Essay Research Paper THE EARThe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is heavy, and contains no castanetss. The slackly hanging portion of the auricula atrii is the ear lobe. It is made up of fat. Three musculuss attach the auricula atrii to the caput. They are little, and serve no intent in worlds. However, some people can travel and jiggle their ears. Many animate beings can besides make this to better their hearing. Some of the animate beings are cats, Canis familiariss, foxes, Equus caballuss and coneies. The external auditory canal is the portion you see when you look directly into the ear. The external auditory canal is about and edge long. To halt soil from acquiring onto the tympanum ( or timpanic membrane ) , the outer tierce of the tympanum has hairs, perspiration secretory organs, and secretory organs that produce cerumen. The interior two tierces of the ear is surrounded by the hardest bone in you body, the temporal bone. It besides surrounds the center and interior portion of the ear. The temporal bone protects delicate constructions i n the ear. The in-between ear starts behind the timpanic membrane. The three castanetss called the bonelets are portion of the in-between ear. The three castanetss are the hammer, which means cock, anvil, which means anvil, and stirrups, which means stirrup. The La rgest of the three is the hammer. One terminal of the hammer is connected to the anvil ; the other is connected to the timpanic membrane. The anvil connects the hammer to the stirrups. The stirrups is the smallest bone in the organic structure. The footplate of the stirrups is connected to the ellipse window, a membrane. Another portion of the in-between ear is the Eustachian tubing. It is connected to the pharynx and allows air to go through between the two. The interior ear is really delicate. It is sometimes called the maze. The interior ear has three chief parts, which are all connected. The three parts are the anteroom, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The anteroom is a circular chamber about 5 millimetres long. It connects the semi-circular canals to the cochlea. There are two pouch with a swelling inside the anteroom with hair run alonging them. The pouch are called the utriculus and sacculus. There are three semi-circular canals. Each has a fluid filled tubing or canal. One terminal of each of the semi-circular canals forms a pouch with hair cells attached to steel fibres. The cochlea is in forepart of the anteroom. It is shaped like a snail. Fluid filled canals go through the cochlea. One wall of the cochlea is the basilar membrane. It has over 15000 hairs, which make up the corti, the existent organ of hearing. Hearing is a really complex procedure. First, the auricula atrii collects sound moving ridges. Then, so sound moving ridges travel through the external auditory canal and strike the timpanic membrane. The timpanic membrane vibrates, and the quivers of it cause the hammer to vibrate. The hammer so makes the incus vibrate and the anvil causes the stirrups to vibrate. The bonelets amplify the sound. The footplate of the stirrups vibrates within the ellipse window. These motions create moving ridges in the fluid in the cochlea. The sounds reach the encephalon by bantam hairs in the cochlea traveling to make messages in the nervousnesss deep in the interior ear. The messages so go to the encephalon, and are identified as sounds or music.

Macro Environment of an Organization Essay Example

Macro Environment of an Organization Paper Definition of factors of the macro environment of an organization: Social cultural The coloratura component is concerned with societal and cultural factors such as values, attitudes, trends, traditions, lifestyles, beliefs, tastes, and patterns of behavior. In accordance of the current situation faced by Parkway Nursing Care, one of the social cultural factors is the childcare commitment that the staffs (mostly those licensed practical nurse and orderlies) needed since a lot of them are single parents or the primary care giver of their children. Its been a common sense for American parents to prioritize the education and close monitor of their children. The incapability and restriction of taking time off and lack of manpower contingency plan during the needs for childcare will only raise the stress and demoralize them. As further impact, this situation will reduce the nursing quality performed by the affected personnel. Political/Legal The basic understanding of the political legal environment is when the government implements laws and or regulations which affect the way a business operate. (http://wick. Answers. Com/Q/ Definition_of_political_legal_environment, Answers . Com, 8 JUNE,2013) The political/legal component mainly looks at federal, state, and local laws, as ell as other countries laws and global laws. It also includes a countrys political conditions and stability. One of the critical government factors that may directly give the impact to the profitability of Parkway Nursing Care is the attempt of the federal gov ernment to trim Medicare expense; this may lead to reduction in funding. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Environment of an Organization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Environment of an Organization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Environment of an Organization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another government regulation that affect the daily operation procedure for Parkway Nursing Home is the healthcare reporting system which is required to be made in a form that cannot be altered after the fact, to prevent covering abuse, so specialized software system must be used for electronic accumulation which could be antipathy by the older caregivers. Global The global component encompasses issues associated with globalization and a world economy. Globalization consist of aspect and issue in global business organization, global economic, global coloratura and the global workforce. Globalization, then, describes a trend towards the increasing interconnectedness of social relations across the globe. As a worldwide process it embraces both the structural economic linkages associated with rising levels of trade, finance, and investment, the political and cultural influences of transnational actors and international institutions, and the impact of their ideas on domestic policy. ( h ttp://www. Answers. Com/topic/ globalization-4#ixzz2Vd4aWqme , Answer. Mom,JUNE,2013 ) Nursing care nowadays had become global concern and attending patients from different cultural background had become one of the challenges for the nursing staff. The society also tends to compare the nursing quality and price word wide, this is also causing more challenge in nursing industry as more and more county can provide high quality of nursing services with cheaper investment. One way that Parkway Nursing Care can choose to lower the operation cost is to employ workforce from foreign country which is cheaper and more willing to work long hours. Another option is to outsource the training programmer for the workforce to country that can provide low operational cost. Economy The economic component encompasses factors such as interest rates, inflation, changes in disposable income, stock market fluctuations, and business cycle stages. Another economic factor is the continuous change for past few decades in American work structure which is the shift from manufacturing economy to arrive economy. This will only lead to the increase in demand and challenge for the nursing sector. Figure 2: Increase in the service economy in USA. The negative side of the increase in service sectors in America is decrease in manufacturing economies will cause decrease of middle class jobs. Manufacturing sector is also can create more jobs compare to service sector. High income gap between low/average class people in service sector is not healthy. Demographical The demographic component includes trends in population characteristics such as age, race, gender, education level, geographic location, income, and Emily composition. As member of baby boomers become senior citizens, the need of skilled nursing care can only be increased. With more patients nowadays also come with higher educational background, more skilled nursing work force will be needed. Grooming process for the leaders in this industry must be consistent to maintain the competency in service quality. When come to decision making on choosing the location to establish new nursing house, it was advised to choose the location that is away from polluted environment such as industrial factory. Technological The technological component focuses on scientific and industrial innovations. Before extensive application of technology, nurses relied heavily on their senses of sight, touch, smell, and hearing to monitor patient status and to detect changes. It is common believe that technology can provide more efficiency, quality and safety; all of this benefit can give more satisfaction to the patients. It is thousands type of high tech health care equipment and device provided by manufacturer around the world. Without proper knowledge of handling, it may also cause errors and adverse event. Thats why technology must come with a proper training.

Chronic inflammatory disease Essays

Chronic inflammatory disease Essays Chronic inflammatory disease Essay Chronic inflammatory disease Essay Ulcerative Colitis Fatma Otman ( 09003295 ) cellular pathology Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease of the rectum and the colon that follows a class of backsliding and remittal. It is an inflammatory intestine disease, which is characterized by mucosal redness with crypt abscesses, ulcers and pseudopolyp formation. The chronic redness is limited to mucosa, sometime that is extended to submucosa. Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is a status that starts at the rectum and ends at some point in the colon. The affected country is uninterrupted ; there is no country of normal tissues between the affected countries. It is erstwhile definite diagnosing of ulcerative or Crohn s can be established in which instance the term an indeterminate inflammatory bowel disease is used. Epidemiology Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease affects about 1 in 1000 people in the Western universe. First battalion incidence between the age of 10-40 twelvemonth s, but may impact people of any age and 2nd extremum incidence at norm of 60 twelvemonth s ( Bimodal distribution ) . The disease affects females and males. The geographic distribution of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is the highest incidence in The United Status, Canada, The United Kingdom. Higher incidence is seen in northern locations compared to southern locations in Europe and the United Status. The prevalence of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is greater among Ashkenazi Jews and decreases increasingly in other individual of Judaic descent, non-Jewish Caucasians, Africans, Hispanics and Asians, because familial susceptibleness is a factor associated with ulcerative colitis.. Mortality The consequence of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease on mortality is ill-defined. Some surveies confirm that, mortality of patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is merely 12 % ( Viscido et al, 2001 ) . Although, mortality from ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is decreased during the past 50 twelvemonth s ( Sonnenbery,2007 ) . Therefore, it is thought that the disease chiefly affects quality of life non life span. Causes and hazard factors Causes of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is still unknown. There are many factors including: Familial factors proposing that the disease arise from combination of multiple cistrons abnormalcies, for illustration p35 cistron mutation,15 % increased hazard in 1st degree relation ( Medicine, 2010 ) . Environmental factors include the undermentioned: First, diet has been hypothesized to play function in pathogenesis of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease, for illustration a diet with low in dietetic fiber may impact ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease incidence. Second, chest eating has been reported of protection in development of inflammatory intestine disease ( Klement et al. , 2004 ) . Auto immune disease, some beginnings list ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease as an autoimmune disease couple to malfunction of the immune system ( Odze, 2003 ) . However, surgical remotion of the big bowel frequently cures the disease, including the manifestation outside the digested system. This suggest that the cause of the disease is in colon itself and non in the immune system or some other portion of organic structure ( e Medicine, 2009 ) . Alternate theories proposing that the symptoms of the disease may be caused by toxic consequence of H sulfide in the bowel in patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease. It may be caused by occlusion of in the capillaries of sub epithelial liner, and infiltration of the lamina propria with plasma cells. Appendectomy prior to age 20 for appendicitis and baccy usage both are protective against development of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease. Psychological factors and socioeconomic factors, clinical aggravation has been found to be facilitated by life emphasis in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease ( Novack et al. , 2006 ) Types of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease The different types of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease are classified harmonizing to the location and extent of redness. Ulcerative proctitis refers to inflammation that is limited to the rectum ( Rectal hemorrhage ) . Procoto-sigmoiditis involves redness of the rectum and sigmoid colon ( Rectal hemorrhage ) . Left side inflammatory bowel disease involves redness that starts at rectum and extends up the left colon ( Bloody diarrhea, venters cramp, weight loss ) . Pancolitis refers to inflammation impacting the full colon ( Bloody diarrhea, abdominal hurting, weight loss, febrility and dark perspiration ) . Fulminated inflammatory bowel disease is rare, nevertheless it is terrible signifier of pancolitis ( Dehydration, terrible abdominal hurting, bloody diarrhoea and daze. They are at hazard of developing toxic megacolon ( Marked dilation of colon couple to severe redness ) , ensuing in colon rupture ( Perforation, peritoneal inflammation, abscesses and monolithic bleeding ) . Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is divided into four phases harmonizing to gross pathology Acute phase is involved mucosal surface, which is wet and glowering from blood and mucous secretion, frequently is associated with petechial bleeding. Chronic phase shows assorted sized of irregular ulcers and elevated sessile ruddy nodules ( pseudopolyps ) .In this phase raise intuition of carcinoma ( 1 % of all colorectal carcinoma ) . More advanced phase is involved full intestine, shows fibrotic, narrowed and shortened. Quiescent phase shows no ulceration, but the mucous membrane shows wasting or sometimes appears grossly normal. It may be extended submucosal fat deposition. Intestinal symptoms The most common symptoms of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease are bloody diarrhoeal and abdominal hurting. Patient besides may see anemia, weariness, weight loss, loss of appetency, rectal hemorrhage, loss of organic structure fluid and nutrition. Extra-intestinal symptoms These include the undermentioned: aphtous ulcer of oral cavity, oculus disease ( Iritis or uveitis ) , arthritis ( ancylosing spondylitis ) , erythema nodosum, deep venous thrombosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, clubbing and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Differentiation diagnosing Crohn s disease, morbific inflammatory bowel disease, *pseudomembranuos inflammatory bowel disease, ischaemic inflammatory bowel disease ( aged people ) , TB, colorectal glandular cancer. Everyday probe The initial diagnostic workup for ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease includes the followers. A complete blood count is done to look into anemia ( iron lack anemia ) , which is hypochromic microcytic anemia ( low MCH, low MCV, low hemoglobin ) . Elevated of white blood cells, it is more than normal scope ( 4.300-10.800 cells/cmm ) . Thrombocytosis is high thrombocytes count, it is more than normal scope ( 150-400x 10/ L ) . Erythrocyte deposit rate is elevated = ( = 18 mm/ hour ) . C-reactive protein is acute stage protein that is produced by liver during redness. It is elevated= ( = 10mg/l ) . Electrolytes analysis and nephritic map trial are done, because chronic diarrhoea may be associated with hypokalemia, hypomagnesaemia and pre nephritic failure. Liver map trials are performed to test for bile canal engagement. Stool civilization to except parasites and morbific causes. Diagnostic processs for ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease There are include the undermentioned. Endoscopy and biopsies The best trial for diagnosing of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease remains endoscopy. Full colonoscopy is extended from anus to the cecum, besides entry into terminal ileum is attempted merely if diagnosing of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is ill-defined and to distinguish between ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn s disease, because in some instances of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease may be involve terminal ileum. Endoscopic happening in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease include the undermentioned: loss of vascular visual aspect of the colon, erythematic or inflammation of the mucous membrane and crumbliness of the mucous membrane, superficial ulceration and pesudopolyps. Biopsies of mucous membrane are taken from different parts of colon to definitively diagnosing of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and differentiated from Crohn s disease. The histology happening in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease typically involves deformation of crypt architecture, redness of crypts ( cryptitis ) , blunt crypt abscesses, bleeding and infl ammatory cells in lamina propria ( lymph cells, plasma cells ) . Acute phase shows accretion of neutrophil at base of crypts ( crypt abscesses ) . No granuloma is of import standard in differential diagnosing with Crohn s disease. Mucosal capillary are dilated. Inflammation may stay above muscularis mucous membrane or widen to submucosa. Glands are progressive destroyed, marked lessening in cytol, mucous secretion, atrophic alterations and regenerative alterations, besides manifested by atomic expansion and increased mitotic activity. Other characteristic shows, ulcer is covered by non specific granulation tissue, pseudopolyps ( mostly granulation tissues assorted with inflamed and hyperaemic mucous membrane. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is extended from anus to sigmoid colon. Abdomens X beams are speedy, inexpensive, non invasive and an ten beam of venters that is indicated in acute venters conditions such as enteric obstructor, perforation, dilation ( Toxic megacolonic ) . Trans-abdominal ultrasound is a non-invasive mode that may be helpful in the diagnosing of inflammatory intestine disease, but it can non be used to separate between ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn s disease. It is used for naming bilious complication. CT has limited function in the diagnosing of unsophisticated ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease, nevertheless CT plays an first-class mode in the diagnosing of complication associated with disease. Barium clyster is particular type of x beam that uses Ba sulfate and air to sketch the liner of rectum and colon. The consequence can demo polyp, tumour, diverticulitis. Today, the utilizations of Ba clyster are rare due to the utilizations of endoscopy for naming. There is contraindication of utilizing Ba clyster in acute venters as complication of UC. Radio-nuclide surveies are utile in picturing disease activity and the extent of disease and in supervising the response to therapy. It is utile in instance of fulminant inflammatory bowel disease Serology trial is performed in about 20 % of instances of UC, overlapping symptoms, radiographic and histological characteristics make the differential diagnosing hard. It is of import to accurately distinguish between two diseases ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn s disease, because the direction of patient are different and ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is more hazard for malignance. The usage of an inflammatory intestine disease serology panel that should be included the followers, Perinuclear anticytoplasmic antibodies ( PANCA ) and Saccharyomyces cerevisiac IgA nd IgG antibodies ( ASCA ) . Because, PANCA is prevailing in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and ASCA is more prevailing in Crohn s disease. ASCA represent the immunologic marker corrected with Crohn s disease, because their high specificity ( 80-95 % ) . Immunohistochemistry appraisal of ki67 and p53 look assists the diagnosing and scaling of ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease related dysplasia. Strong immunoreactivity for p53 that suggested diagnosing of dysplasia, besides suggested Ki67 staining above basal two tierce of the crypt in high class dysplasia ( HGD ) . Complication There is significantly increased hazard of colorectal malignant neoplastic disease in patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease after 10 twelvemonth s if engagement in the splenetic flection, nevertheless those with lone procotitis or rectosigmoid it is normally have no increased hazard. It is recommended that patient have screening by colonoscopies with random biopsies to look for dysplasia after eight twelvemonth s of disease activity. Treatment The standard intervention for ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease is depended on the extent of engagement and disease badness. The end is to bring on remittal ab initio with medicine, followed by the disposal of care medicine to forestall a backsliding of the disease. Dietary alteration: Diet rich of fibers, avoiding dairy merchandises, avoiding natural vegetates and fruit, because they cause hurt to inflamed mucous membrane of colon. Supplement intervention: Iron tabular arraies for intervention of anemia, multivitamin. Anti diarrheal drugs: Such as Immodium, a physician must closely supervise the individual taking these anti-diarrheal drugs to avoid precipitating toxic megacolon. Anti-inflammatory drugs: Such as aminosalicytates, corticoids and immunosuppressive drugs. Besides anti tumour mortification factor ( Infliximabe ) . Surgical intervention: Surgical intervention can be exigency operation and elected operation. Emergency operation is performed in instances of bleeding, blunt perforation, break up inflammatory bowel disease or toxic megacolon and elected operation is performed in instances of patient is non response to intervention and documented or strongly suspected carcinoma. There are different types of surgical attacks such as proctocolectomy with ileostomy, Ileoanal anatomises and continent ileostomy. Some probes are used for proctor of inflammatory intestine disease Concentration of tumour mortification factor alpha in stool is used as a marker of intestine redness in both ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn s disease. Measurement degree of neutrophli binding by Ig and titers of antineutrophli Ig in serum from patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and patient with ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease station colectomy by utilizing a fixed neutrophil enzyme linked immunosorbent check. Measurement of azotic oxide in ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease patient during colonoscopy, gas was aspirated from different parts of the colon and instantly analyzed by a chemiluminescence technique.

Manufacturing technology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Manufacturing technology - Coursework Example The fuel is then compressed and burnt after which it is expelled. Al the fuel is then moved through the cam or pop shaft, this is then moved to the gear and finally to the tires. An automotive piston that is found in the gasoline engine can withstand temperatures of up to 573K. There is a coolant that runs through the engine block and it always has a temperature of 363K. The piston must be cold when it is fixed into the cylinder. The piston can withstand high pressure of up to 10KPa inside the cylinder. It can withstand different atmospheres; it is able to do well in high latitude as well as low latitude. However in high humidity the engine uses less fuel as compared to low humidity. 1 There are several materials that can be used to make an automotive piston. Some of this include aluminum and copper alloys. The material to be used should be able to withstand high temperatures to start with. This is because the temperature of the engine is too high and so the material has to be able t o withstand this without melting or having to expand a lot. The material also has to be able to withstand high pressure. A material that does not withstand high pressure cannot be used in the engine because of the high pressure that is experienced in the engine. Due to its high melting point and its ability to withstand high pressure and stress, the ideal material to be used is aluminum. ... The best however is the assembly of all the piston pins and rods. Before the assembly, the con rod is taken and there bores arranged in a parallel manner. This arrangement ensures that there is no bending of the cones when they are finally in use. Lubrication is another factor that is necessary. Before the pins are assembled in the cones care is needed to lubricate the pins to ensure that there is less friction between the pins and the cons. For the piston to withstand corrosion and abrasion it needs to be smoothened at the surfaces to make it look more clear and new. For better selection of which type manufacturing process is needed, CES process is used. The physical advantages as well as the cost of the processes are looked into. The software then gives out the best process to be used in terms of the cost and the mechanical advantages that it has to offer. Different methods contain different advantages but the best one that is used here is the manufacture by the powder rod technolo gy. This process is the simplification of the sinter and the extensional press processes. During the (PPAP) process no heat or even spark should be removed so the forging is done in completely heating and when it is totally enclosed in the dies. Two forms of forging are necessary these are the hot upsetting and the hot repressing. In the hot upsetting, the there is a significant amount of lateral flow. The production per part approval process is the manufacturing process that was used here. This process has been approved by various agencies in the government as well as many institutions of higher learning. Unlike the (APQP) which has been used in the development and automotives for the many years, (PPAP) has few failures when it comes

Head Trauma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Head Trauma - Research Paper Example . What then becomes the main question is to what extent the current NFL will attempt to ameliorate the risks that recent studies have indicated. As such, this brief research paper will consider the following three research areas as a means of drawing inference upon the main research question: 1) to what extent has mental health evaluations of current and former NFL players revealed with regards to the health consequences of frequent and prolonged head injuries, 2) to what extent has this level of long-term head injury been discussed and researched within the medical community, 3) what preventative measures, both in the way that the game is played, coached, and recruited can help to ameliorate this risk and are any of these approaches likely to take hold within the current environment that defines today’s NFL. It can be seen that for the most part the level of analysis that has been performed, regarding the long-term effects of head trauma, has made it fairly evident that there is a clear and identifiable link between head trauma and mental health issues and/or neurological disorders. ... It does not take a large body of research to realize that the game of football is filled with heavy impacts and oftentimes characterized by head trauma (Jarret 1). Still, the shareholders within the decision making branches of the process sought little action with regards to seeking to identify and possibly ameliorate the broad range of known mental health issues that were beginning to show themselves within current and past players. Instead, the issue was subsequently swept under the rub as it was determined that the bad press and negative image that this could present to the game as well as the marked reduction in overall profits were too costly. Yet, as it became increasingly clear from an array of highly publicized issues, the sports and medical communities could no longer ignore the role that head trauma played within the National Football League. As a function of this level of exposure, the medical community began to focus more and more specifically on the level to which mental health issues were a direct result of the injuries and trauma sustained on the field of play. As the level and body of overall knowledge continued to grow and advance, medical practitioners and sports science specialists alike came to be aware of the true nature in which mental health was irrevocably linked to the ways in which players were repeatedly injured on the field and projected these injuries long after their short careers had drawn to a close (Tamney 5). This information leads the analysis to a fundamental juncture of understanding. It appears, from the research that has thus far been conducted, that key shareholders within the institution of professional

Psychology Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Psychology Journals - Essay Example d by his belief based on his gathered evidence that the lab tests that use animal rarely result to anything that benefits humankind, that mostly are just for commercial intents. That people and animals are different species, thus using animals with people as the supposed beneficiary is not logical. in the medical sciences, research with animals has resulted in major achievements in psychology, which s/he believes have contributed to important benefits for human beings. S/he further cites that the biofeedback technique, which people use to control high blood pressure, originated from studies using lab animals. in the issue of animal cruelty, there had been a study that investigated 600 of these alleged accusations, but eventually did not support the charge of cruelty. S/he further points out that instances occur, but are infrequent and not typical of psychological experiments. people—including animal rights advocates—do not think that animals share the characteristics that allow them the same rights as humans; and these people condone pet sterilization, disregarding the animals right to breed. of the many experiments using animals, only a few contribute to important medical or psychological research. S/he further argues that a vast number of experiments are used for commercial purposes: to test new shampoos, cosmetics, food additives, or detergents. Yes, I believe both psychologists presented sound arguments based the criteria. Their claims are all verifiable, not simply opinions. They both cited sources, which can also be checked if they match. Finally, the incidents cited were more than one. Animals may be used in lab experiments as long as guidelines to the humane treatment are observed. Humans have been plagued by new diseases with some killing relentlessly, like the swine flu, among so many others. AIDS, after years of research, has yet remained incurable. If lab research using animals could give us hope in combating these diseases, then I would

A Review Of Absorption Refrigeration Technologies Engineering Essay

A Review Of Absorption Refrigeration Technologies Engineering Essay Most of industrial processes use a lot of thermal energy by burning fossil fuels to produce steam or heat for various needs in the industry. After the processes, heat is rejected to the surrounding as waste. This waste heat can be converted to useful refrigeration by using a heat operated refrigeration system, such as an absorption refrigeration cycle. Electricity purchased from utility companies for conventional vapor compression refrigerators can be reduced and cuts down the need for expensive electricity from the central grid. The use of heat operated refrigeration systems help reduce problems related to global environmental, such as the greenhouse effect from CO2 emission from the combustion of fossil fuels in utility power plants. Another difference between absorption systems and conventional vapor compression systems is the working fluid used. Most vapor compression systems commonly use chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants (CFCs), because of their thermo-physical properties. It is t hrough the restricted use of CFCs, due to depletion of the ozone layer that will make absorption systems more prominent. However, although absorption systems seem to provide many advantages, vapor compression systems still dominate all market sectors. In order to promote the use of absorption systems, further development is required to improve their performance and reduce cost. The early development of an absorption cycle dates back to the 1700s. It was known that ice could be produced by an evaporation of pure water from a vessel contained within an evacuated container in the presence of sulfuric acid. In 1810, ice could be made from water in a vessel, which was connected to another vessel containing sulfuric acid. As the acid absorbed water vapor, causing a reduction of temperature, layers of ice were formed on the water surface. The major problems of this system were corrosion and leakage of air into the vacuum vessel. In 1859, Ferdinand Carre introduced a novel machine using wat er/ammonia as the working fluid. This machine took out a US patent in 1860. Machines based on this patent were used to make ice and store food. It was used as a basic design in the early age of refrigeration development. In the 1950s, a system using lithium bromide/water as the working fluid was introduced for industrial applications. A few years later, a double-effect absorption system was introduced and has been used as an industrial standard for a high performance heat-operated refrigeration cycle. However with the advent of cheaper vapor compression machines in the late 1960s and abundant and widespread availability of electricity lead to the vapor absorption machines taking a backseat. As a result we see that despite the fact that this technology has been around for almost 250 years, a viable alternative to the vapor compression machines for domestic use at a comparable cost has not been found. The aim of this paper is to provide basic background and review existing literature on absorption refrigeration technologies. A number of absorption refrigeration systems and research options are provided and discussed. It is hoped that, this paper should be useful for any newcomer in this field of refrigeration technology and generate in this area the same interest that the authors feel. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The absorption refrigeration system works with a binary solution consisting of refrigerant and absorbent. In Fig. 1(a)[1] two evacuated containers are connected to each other. The container on the left has liquid refrigerant while the right container has a binary solution of absorbent/refrigerant. The solution in the right container will absorb refrigerant vapor from the left one causing pressure to reduce. While the refrigerant vapor is being absorbed, the temperature of the remaining refrigerant will reduce as a result of its vaporization. This causes a refrigeration effect to occur inside the left container thus dropping its temperature. At the same time, solution inside the right container becomes weaker in concentration because of the higher content of refrigerant absorbed. This is due to the absorption process. Absorption process is an exothermic process; therefore, it must reject heat out to the surrounding in order to maintain its absorption capability. Whenever the solution cannot continue with the absorption process because of saturation of the refrigerant, the refrigerant must be separated out from the diluted solution.[1] Heat is usually the key for this separation process. The separation of the refrigerant is of paramount significance and most of the work recently has gone into making this as efficient as possible so as to increase the refrigeration effect. It is applied to the right container in order to dry the refrigerant from the solution as shown in Fig. 1(b).[1] The refrigerant vapor will be condensed by transferring heat to the surroundings. With these processes, the refrigeration effect can be produced by using heat energy. However, the cooling effect cannot be produced continuously as the process cannot be done simultaneously. Therefore, an absorption refrigeration cycle is a combination Fig. 1. (a) Absorption process occurs in right container causing cooling effect in the other; (b) Refrigerant separation process occurs in the right container as a result of additional heat from outside heat source. of these two processes as shown in Fig. 2.[1] As the separation process occurs at a higher pressure than the absorption process, a circulation pump is required to circulate the solution. Coefficient of Performance of an absorption refrigeration system is obtained from The work input for the pump is negligible relative to the heat input at the generator; therefore, the pump work is often neglected for the purposes of analysis. Fig. 2. A continuous absorption refrigeration cycle composes of two processes mentioned in the earlier figure. WORKING FLUID PAIRS FOR ABSOPRTION SYSTEMS The performance of an absorption system is heavily dependent on the properties of the working pair. We are mainly concerned with the thermal and chemical properties of the working fluids. The fundamental requirement is the absorbent/refrigerant combination, in liquid phase, must have a margin of miscibility in the operating temperature range of the cycle. The mixture should also be chemically stable, non toxic, non corrosive and should be able to maintain its fluidity in the operating range. Apart from these certain other desirable properties are: The difference in the boiling points of the pure refrigerant and mixture at the same pressure must be as large as possible. Refrigerant should have high heat of vaporization and high concentration within the absorbent in order to maintain low circulation rate between the generator and the absorber per unit of cooling capacity. Transport properties that influence heat and mass transfer, e.g., viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficient should be favorable. Both refrigerant and absorbent should be environmental friendly and low-cost, specially keeping in mind the increasing danger to the environment. The absorption refrigeration system, which has some advantages, such as silent operation, high reliability, long service life, simpler capacity control mechanism, easier implementation, and low maintenance, is widely acknowledged as a prospective candidate for efficient and economic use of solar energy for cooling applications. Also, the absorption refrigeration cycle is usually a preferable alternative, since it uses the thermal energy collected from the sun without the need to convert this energy into mechanical energy as required by the vapor compression cycle. In addition, the absorption cycle uses thermal energy at a lower temperature than that dictated by the vapor compression cycle. Many working fluids are suggested in literature. A survey of absorption fluids provided by Marcriss [2] suggests that, there are some 40 refrigerant compounds and 200 absorbent compounds available. However, the most common working fluids are NH3- H2O and LiBr-H2O. The binary systems of NH3- H2O and LiBr-H2O are well known as working fluid pairs to be used both in absorption heat pumps and in absorption refrigerators at present. Theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted to optimize the performance of absorption refrigeration cycles using NH3- H2O and LiBr-H2O as refrigerant- absorbent combination. The advantage for refrigerant NH3 is that it can evaporate at lower temperatures (i.e. from -10 to 0 °C) compared to H2O (i.e. from 4 to 10 °C), therefore, for refrigeration, the NH3-H2O cycle is used. NH3 has a high latent heat of vaporization, which is necessary for efficient performance of the system. It can be used for low temperature applications, as the freezing point of NH3 is -77 °C. Since both NH3 and water are volatility, the cycle requires a rectifier to strip away water that normally evaporates with NH3. Without a rectifier, the water would accumulate in the evaporator and offset the system performance. There are other disadvantages such as its high pressure, toxicity, and corrosive action to copper and copper alloy. However, water/NH3 is environmental friendly and low-cost. The use of LiBr-H2O for absorption refrigeration systems began around 1930. Two outstanding features of LiBr-H2O are non-volatility absorbent of LiBr (the need of a rectifier is eliminated) and extremely high heat of vaporization of water (refrigerant). However, using water as a refrigerant limits the low temperature application to that above 0 °C. As water is the refrigerant, the system must be operated under vacuum conditions. At high concentrations, the solution is prone to crystallization. It is also corrosive to some metal and expensive. Research has been performed for NH3-H2O systems theoretically and experimentally and these studies show that the NH3-H2O system exhibits a relatively low COP when compared to its LiBr-H20 counterpart.[1] Efforts are being made to search for better working fluid pairs that can improve system performance. It is proposed that NH3-LiNO3 and NH3-NaSCN cycles can be alternatives to NH3-H2O systems.[3] A study on the use of NH3-LiNO3 and NH3-NaSCN cycles by Jasim M. Abdulateef [3] reveals that ammonia-lithium nitrate and ammonia-sodium thiocyanate cycles give better performance than the ammonia-water cycle, not only because of higher COP values, but also because of no requirement for analyzers and rectifiers. Therefore, they are suitable alternatives to the ammonia-water cycle. Generally speaking, the performance for the ammonia-lithium nitrate and ammonia-sodium thiocyanate cycles are similar, with the latter being slightly better than the former. However, the ammonia-sodium thiocyanate cycle cannot operate at evaporator temperatures below 10 °C for the possibility of crystallization.[3] LITHIUM BROMIDE-WATER ABSORPTION SYSTEM There has been renewed interest to use thermally driven cooling systems from the air conditioning and process cooling fraternities. The lithium bromide-water absorption chiller is one of the front-runners due to the following reasons [4]: It can be thermally driven by gas, solar energy, and geothermal energy as well as waste heat, which help to substantially reduce carbon dioxide emission, this is its USP when it comes to process industries generating large amount of waste heat Its use of water as a refrigerant, which is easily available and cheap. It is quiet, durable and cheap to maintain, being virtually void of high speed moving parts; Its vacuumed operation renders it amenable to scale up applications. LiBr-H2O absorption chillers enjoy cooling capacities ranging from kilowatts (kW) to megawatts (mW) which match with small residential to large scale commercial or even industrial cooling needs. However they currently enjoy only a fraction of the extent of deployment as their vapor compression counterparts. Their major debilitating factors are a low Coefficient of Performance (COP), larger footprint and required headroom, corrosion and crystallization issues and stringent requirements of vacuum leak tightness over its design lifespan. Over the past 30 years, extensive efforts have been devoted to: Develop advanced absorption cycles which could work at low heat source temperature or recover more heat to improve system performance. Improve the design of major components such as generator and absorber to enhance their heat and mass transfer efficacy. Avoid crystallization problem and, Develop new and reliable working pairs. Problems in domestic use of LiBr-H2O absorption systems Even though the technology has been around for quite some time now its usage in domestic applications is hitherto seen. According to Kevin D. Rafferty [5] there is only one company (Yazaki, undated) currently manufacturing small tonnage ( While calculating the mass flow rate of the refrigerant for an assumed case of 1.5TR cooling, as is the requirement for most domestic air-conditioning applications, we obtained a very low mass flow rate in the order of a few gm/s. Also the ensuing pressure difference to maintain such working conditions led to a very high pressure ratio, to the order of about 50, between the absorber and generator. Upon market survey, (here in Pune, India) we discovered that pumps catering to such a low flow rate at this large a pressure differential were not readily available, some suppliers of customized pumps, however, did claim to be able to make such pumps, albeit at a very high cost. We explored the idea of then increasing the mass flow rate to higher than what was calculated for the required tonnage, but realized that increasing mass flow rate for evaporator of same tonnage would lead to un-evaporated refrigerant thus decreasing the COP of the system. During further study of the LiBr-H2O absorption systems we came across an interesting review on absorption chillers and their various configurations by Xiaolin Wang and Hui T. Chua [4], which provides a valuable insight. For the standard single effect system, simple structure and low cost are pursued. The single-effect double-lift absorption system are proposed and developed for the utilization of low temperature heat sources. However, multi-effect absorption systems are suggested to provide higher efficiency with a high temperature heat source. In order to increase the system performance and avoid crystallization problem, various heat and mass recovery systems, modifications to the generator and the absorber, different working pairs and additives have been developed. Furthermore hybridization of absorption chiller cycle with other cooling cycle(s) promises a higher overall performance as compared with that of each single constituent cycle. Single-Effect Absorption Chillers It consists of evaporator, absorber, generator, and a condenser. Its simplicity, small size, high reliability and lower maintenance cost are its advantages. While low cooling capacity, high weight and size and low COP are disadvantages Fig. 3. A schematic of a single effect absorption cycle in a Dà ¼hring plot Uchida from Hitachi developed a modular cascaded absorption chiller comprising of chiller units connected to one another in which chilled water flows through the chiller units in series while cooling water through parallel. [6] Water in chilled and cooling column flows in opposite direction and in absorber solution is sprayed in 1 or more stages. In this type of arrangement lower evaporator temperature can be achieved as compared to conventional arrangement. This results in lower amount of water circulation and higher efficiency due high average temperature difference, compact size, and lower capacity pumps. Inoue from Ebara Corporation integrated the absorber, evaporator, generator, and a condenser into a compact housing so that it can be used for used in residential operations. The arrangement is as shown in Fig. 4. A Absorber, C Condenser, E Evaporator, G Generator, X -Solution heat exchanger, SP Solution pump, RP Refrigerant pump Fig. 4. A single effect absorption chiller [7] This also resulted in reduced costs, compact size, less thermal stresses and low material usage. Inoue from Ebara Corporation in further bid to reduce size and increase COP used plate type heat exchanger in absorber and condenser. [7] In this water flows into the absorber and condenser in parallel and is distributed according to fluid resistance in each unit. This reduces mass flow rate and distributed flow results in elimination of complicated valve system. Problem of crystallization in chiller is avoided using popular J-tube technology. [4] Crystallization in system occurs in generator due to high concentration of LiBr resulting in blockage of flow to solution heat exchanger and will be accumulated in generator. When solution reaches certain level in generator, the hot refrigerant -weak solution will overflow via J-tube to the absorber and warms the refrigerant -strong solution immediately. This will warm the crystallized solution and dissolve them into the solution. Single-Effect Double Lift Absorption Chillers Fig. 5. A single-effect double lift cycle. Since single effect cycle requires the temperature of 90oC and above for proper working, for temperature lower than this results in significant drop in efficiency of the cycle. Therefore utilize to lower temperatures single effect single lift which can work for heat source between 70oC and 90oC and single effect double lift cycle works within waste heat source temperature down to 55oC was developed. A COP in the range of 0.35-0.7 is obtained. [4] Fig. 5. shows the construction of single effect double lift cycle consists of evaporator, absorber-1, generator-1, and a condenser forming single effect cycle the evaporator, absorber-1, generator-3, absorber-2, generator-2, and condenser constitute a double lift cycle. In this the solution from absorber1 is first is sent to generator-1 for steam generation, after this serially solution is sent generator-3 for further generation and refrigerant- weak solution is sent to absorber-1 . The steam generated in generator-3 is absorbed by the absorber-2 which then sent to the generator-2 for generation. The steam from generator-1 and generator-2 is sent in condenser to continue the cycle. The hot water in the system is supplied serially to the generator-1, generator-2, and generator-3. The cooling water flows to the condenser, absorber-1 and absorber-2 in parallel to avoid complicated control and unstable working conditions. The advantage of this system is high COP as compared single effect cycle since energy is utilized more effectively in this cycle. But due increase in number of components this has larger size as compared to single effect cycle. This system is commercialized by INVEN absorption GmbH. [4] Double-Effect Absorption Chillers Fig. 6. A double effect series flow type absorption cycle. This system is developed to increase COP of absorption chiller operating at temperature greater than 150oC since at this temperature the COP of single effect cycle is low. COP achieved in this cycle is in the range of 1.1 to 1.3. It was first patented by Loweth in 1970[8] and commercialized by Trane in the same year. Saito [9] from Ebara Corporation and Alefeld [10] improved and modified the double effect absorption refrigeration machine in 1980 and 1985, respectively. As shown in the plot above, double effect cycle consists of a high temperature and a high pressure generator. Steam generated from this generator is used to generate steam from low pressure generator through a heat exchanger. This steam is further sent to the condenser and evaporator for cooling. This arrangement is known as series flow arrangement. Therefore temperature differential utilization in double effect is more as compared to the single effect but heat rejected at the condenser and cooling temperature at the evaporator are at about the same temperature, hence COP is greater. Above mentioned arrangement works very close to crystallization temperature of LiBr-water solution and the high temperature generator operates at high pressure in order maintain requisite solution flow rate. To avoid solution pumping, the high temperature generator has to be sufficiently elevated to enjoy gravity assisted flow, resulting in higher head room. To avoid these problems, Hitachi developed a parallel flow double effect arrangement as shown below in Fig. 7. In this arrangement solution is separated after solution pump and is sent to high temperature generator through high temperature heat exchanger and to the low temperature generator, respectively. So, the operation condition is displaced further from crystallization point of solution. Flow rate of solution, pressure, elevation is also reduced as compared to series flow arrangement. Nagao from Hitachi disclosed a chiller which consists of an absorption section, an evaporator section, a condenser section, a generator section all of which are divided into two stages. The first stage evaporator second stage evaporator are arranged to be enclosed respectively by first stage absorber second stage absorber. Similar configuration is applied to the generator and condenser. This arrangement reduces heat transfer losses. Fig. 7. A double effect parallel flow type cycle. Hiro [11] from Sanyo Electric Co. disclosed a double effect absorption chiller, in which the connecting pipe conveying the liquefied refrigerant in the low temperature generator to the condenser is installed with an orifice together with a control valve so as to control the refrigerant pressure. A control circuit is connected to this control valve to actively control the refrigerant pressure and therefore control the solution concentration in the high temperature generator and the absorber. This control circuit facilitates the passage of the refrigerant to the condenser without stagnation during chiller start up or in the event of a sudden increase in cooling load. It is also capable of maintaining a suitably reduced pressure in the refrigerant during steady-state operation so as to achieve a higher operating efficiency. Recently Aoyama [12] from Ebara Refrigeration Equipment System disclosed an internal heat recovery scheme which aims to increase intrinsic COP of the machine and heat scavenging scheme which strives to extract more energy from heat source which drives the chiller. According to this invention, the refrigerant rich solution path leading from the absorber to the high temperature generator is divided into two routes. The first route is installed with one or two drain heat exchanger to scavenge the remaining enthalpy of the heat source powering the high temperature generator. The second route is installed with one or two regenerative heat exchanger to recover the heat of the hot and refrigerant-weak solution leaving the high temperature generator. Modeling and Simulation of LiBr-H2O absorption systems A recent paper by V. Mittal, K.S. Kasana and N.S. Thakur on Modeling and simulation of a solar absorption cooling system for India [13] simulated the model of a solar-powered, single stage, absorption cooling system, using a flat plate collector and water-lithium bromide solution. A computer program was developed for the absorption system to simulate various cycle configurations with the help of various weather data for the village Bahal, District Bhiwani, Haryana, India. The effects of hot water inlet temperatures on the coefficient of performance (COP) and the surface area of the absorption cooling component were studied. Simulation results are discussed in this section for the performance of a 10.5 KW solar driven lithium bromide absorption cooling system. Fig. 8. depicts the effect of the hot water inlet temperatures Ts on the system COP and flow ratio FR. It can be seen that an increase in this temperature resulted in the decreases of FR. This is due to increases in the mass fraction of concentration solution (XG). While with an increase in this temperature, COP increases. Fig. 8. The effect of the hot water inlet temperatures on the system COP and FR (Te = 280 K, QL = 10.5 KW, Tc = 306K) Figure 3 depicts the effect of the hot water inlet temperature on the surface area of the system components. It can be seen that increase in this temperature results in the decrease of the absorber and solution heat exchanger surface area. As flow ratio decreases, the thermal energy extracted from the absorber also decreases and hence the temperature of the absorber increases, which further resulted in the increase of logarithmic mean temperature difference (DTm) in the absorber and solution heat exchanger. By decreasing the heat capacity and increasing DTm, heat transfer surface area normally decreases in these components. Fig. 9. The effect of the hot water inlet temperatures on the surface area of the system components (Te = 280 K, QL = 10.5 KW, Tcool, in = 291 K) From this study the following conclusions were made: The hot water inlet temperature is found to affect the surface area of some of the system components. Increasing this temperature decreases the absorber and solution heat exchanger surface area, while the dimensions of the other components remain unchanged. Although high reference temperature increases the system COP and decreases the surface area of system components, lower reference temperature gives better results for FNP than high reference temperatures do. For this study, a 353 K reference temperature is the best choice. This paper thus provides a general idea to anyone looking to build a model of a vapor absorption system, about the generator temperature needed and its effect on the flow rate and COP. AMMONIA-WATER ABSORPTION SYSTEM The working of ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system is based on the  simple vapor absorption refrigeration systems. In this system ammonia is used as the refrigerant and water is used as the absorbent. The ammonia-water absorption system is used in the domestic as well the commercial applications where the requirement of the temperature is below 0 degree C. The major advantages of the ammonia-water solution are: Water has strong affinity for ammonia and they are soluble with each other in wide operating conditions that occur in different refrigeration applications. The ammonia-water solution is highly stable and works well with many materials. Ammonia is a common chemical and it is easily and cheaply available. However the system has a few disadvantages too some of which are: Except copper and its alloys that get corroded in the presence of ammonia. Due to its toxicity its applications are limited. Due to the fact that some of the water in the generator also boils off with the ammonia and escapes as vapor, a rectifier is needed to remove this water vapor before it enters the condenser. This adds to the expense and complexity of the design. The COP of the ammonia-water systems is slightly lower than their LiBr-water counterparts. Fig. 10. Schematic of a typical ammonia-water absorption system. Domestic use of ammonia-water absorption systems Unlike the LiBr-H2O absorption system, the ammonia-water absorption system has found widespread use in the domestic use market. These refrigerators are very popular as car fridges used in SUVs and RVs. Many companies are involved in the manufacturing of such equipment. Electrolux was amongst the first companies to start manufacturing absorption refrigerators for commercial use. One of the main issues with the early domestic absorption refrigerators was that the water would get crystallized and the whole setup would then need to be inverted for a few hours to get the system working again. Such old models of absorption models are available in scrap; however most of them are not in working condition. We came across one such model ourselves, however even on extensive research the exact composition of the water ammonia mixture or the operating pressure was not found. Most people do not recommend recharging of these old units as they are factory sealed and compositions are not known, however some people have tried recharging and obtained successful results. Simulation of absorption diffusion Solar refrigeration systems A study was carried out by B. Chaouachi and S. Gabsi [14] for the design and the simulation of an absorption diffusion refrigerator using solar as source of energy, for domestic use. The design holds account about the climatic conditions and the unit cost due to technical constraints imposed by the technology of the various components of the installation such as the solar generator, the condenser, the absorber and the evaporator. Mass and energy conservation equations were developed for each component of the cycle and solved numerically. The absorption diffusion refrigerating machine is designed according to the operation principle of the refrigerating machine mono pressure invented by Platern and Munter. This machine uses three operation fluids, water (absorbent), ammonia (Refrigerant) and hydrogen as an inert gas used in order to maintain the total pressure constant. The study yielded some interesting conclusions. The operating boundaries of the system were examined by conducting simulations for various values of the generator temperature, TG, the evaporator temperature, TE, the pressure of the system, P and the generator heat input, QG. The operation ranges were found to be: 5 Fig. 11. COP vs. to generator temperature for various pressures of the system (ÃŽÂ ¾r=0.45, Te=273K) Fig. 11. presents the COP vs. the generator temperature for different pressures of the system for a fixed rich concentration and evaporator temperature. It shows that the COP decreases as the generator temperature increases and it increases when the pressure increases too. This is may be attributed to the fact that a smaller amount of ammonia was separated from the ammonia-water solution and thus more solution had to be circulated so as to maintain the refrigerant flow rate in the condenser. It thus recommended that pressure of the system as high as possible. Fig. 12. OP vs. the evaporator temperature (ÃŽÂ ¾r = 0.4, P=12.5 bars) The Fig. 12. shows that the COP decreases as the generator temperature increases. It was also found that the higher the evaporator temperature, the higher COP, i. e. that more heat was absorbed in the evaporator. There are thus opposing demands for the evaporator temperature; on the one hand, it should be high enough (depending on the desired cooling capacity) to yield a higher COP, while a lower evaporator temperature would yield better cooling. Thermodynamic simulation of Solar absorption refrigeration systems Another thermodynamic simulation carried out by Antonio J. Bula [15], for an ammonia water solar absorption system. The operating conditions chosen were: Tg = 70 90 °C Tc = 30  °C Ta = 25  °C Te = 5  °C

Advantages of Arranged Marriages Essay

Marriage is a union or an institution in which two individuals are bound together legally, religiously or otherwise. It occurs as a result of several motives such as emotional, physical, legal, religious, financial, etc. Marriage is not always between two individuals of opposite genders and not everyone involved goes into it of their own free will. In ancient history, women barely had rights of their own and were considered properties of their families and properties of their husbands after marriage. This belief went on for centuries until the 19th and 20th centuries when people in Europe, America and a couple other continents began to make several legal changes to improve the rights of women. For these reasons and many more, marriage has become one the most debated issues in societies today. It is said to be one of the subjects that brings about chaos and confusion in families and societies and that its disadvantages vary on the type of marriage in question. Arranged marriages are one of the many types of marriages people are most skeptical about. Some people even feel that it causes more havoc in families than any other type of marriage. Arranged marriages are mostly practiced by royal families all around the world and in most cases, it is considered not as a union between a man and a woman as husband and wife but as a partnership or an alliance formed between two families. Although arranged marriages may not be completely beneficial to the couples in some cases, it tends to have more advantages than disadvantages in the society today because it reduces the rate of divorce in societies, it guarantees a wider range of happiness in families and it is a secure form of marriage (country reports on human rights practices 2008). To begin with, there are fewer cases of divorce in arranged marriages today and this is as a result of a few precautions taken before a marriage is actually arranged. Firstly, marriages are usually arranged either by the parents of the individuals, a close family member or a matchmaking agency. They (especially the parents) all ensure that the couples that are paired together are compatible in every way (Mayzin 2013). Thorough background checks such as religious, social, financial, cultural and even medical checks are carried out on both individuals. Secondly, divorce is not tolerated in most, if not all, of the societies where arranged marriage is practiced (Zuberi 2013). To elaborate further, arranged marriages are common in countries like India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and there is very little tolerance for divorce in these countries. Lastly, most arranged couples try to resolve their problems amicably to avoid embarrassment from their parents. As stated earlier, when a marriage is arranged, the union is not only between the couple but also between the two families so when couples in arranged marriages have misunderstandings, they try their best to resolve them as quickly as possible in order to prevent their parents from finding out about it and interfering in their private lives. Due to this, the couples end up saving their marriages unconsciously by making sure none of their misunderstanding lasts longer than is necessary. In addition, arranged marriages tend to guarantee a wider range of happiness to the couples involved. To start with, although some of them get off to wrong starts and the first few years do not appear to be as blissful as expected, the couples learn to coexist with each other sooner or later. When they realise that hating and loathing each other is nothing more than a waste of valuable time they should spend to get to learn more about their spouse, they tend to loosen up and, with equal effort from both sides, learn to care for each other. In most cases, the initial feeling of hate eventually turns to love (Lee 2013). Also, the couples in arranged marriages have a lot of similar interests. Most couples in love marriages tend to engage in oral brawls when it comes to family matters and decision making in general because of lack of common interests on certain issues. Like cases as these are rare in arranged marriages due to the critical scrutiny conducted by the parents and family members of the couples before they are labelled as a perfect match. Finally, most love marriages occur as a result of spontaneous decisions made due to irrational thinking. Take for instance, the movie, â€Å"A few best men†. A man and a woman went to an island for a short vacation and while they were there, they met and fell in love instantly. Or so they thought. They spent their time getting to know each other and after ten days, the duration of the vacation, they felt they knew all there was to know about each other so they decided to get married. They had a great honeymoon and promised to be with each other forever. After a few months, they began to have several arguments due to their many dissimilar preferences and countless clashes of interest. Then reality struck; their blissful marriage was over and they had gotten to the stage where they both felt miserable and couldn’t stand each other. A couple more months and they were divorced and had gone their separate ways. Moreover, arranged marriages can be considered as safe marriages because of the following reasons. First of all, there are no social inferiorities between the couples in arranged marriages due to the many similarities in their backgrounds. For instance, if an arranged couple attends a social event together, neither of them would feel out of place because they both have similar upbringing and have both had comparable social experiences. Also, couples have low expectations in arranged marriages because they barely get to know much about their spouses before they get married. They just trust that their families have made the right choices for them so they go along with it and hope for the best to come out of the situation. Due to this, the couples have low expectations of their spouses and sometimes their partners turn out to be amazing; this strengthens the foundation of the marriage. In situations where this is not the case, the little expectations minimizes the level of disappointment. Finally, there are rarely cases of domestic violence in arranged marriages. Just as stated earlier, before a marriage is arranged, thorough background checks are conducted on the potential partners and if as much as a hint of violence is spotted in the background of either of them, the person is not likely to be chosen as a spouse. Furthermore, opponents argue that arranged marriages could also be considered as forced marriages. In some cases, this argument could be legitimate because some couples are forced into marriage for family and societal benefits. For example, some parents force their children, especially the female children, to get married to people from wealthy families with high social standards because of some financial difficulties their families might be facing at the moment or plainly because of a craving for family name and social recognition. In other words, this argument could also be irrelevant and inauthentic for the following reasons. Firstly, arranged marriages these days are optional and are only carried out with the children’s consent (Should arranged marriages be outlawed? 2013). Before a marriage is arranged, the potential couples are brought together, introduced and are given unlimited time to get to know each other. After this phase is completed, the individuals are left to decide whether or not they want to spend the rest of their lives with the person in question. If after this, neither of them is interested in the other, the topic is dropped and a new search for another suitable partner begins. Lastly, forced marriages are obsolete and are against the law (Travis 2000). A law has been enforced that parents forcing marriages on their children is against the law and could be charged with a criminal offence. With this law enforcement on their necks, parents would not dare to marry their children off against their will. In conclusion, arranged marriages have been said to solve several problems such as incompatibility in couples, difficulty in finding a spouse, inferiority complex, etc. Although arranged marriages may not be completely beneficial to the couples in some cases, it tends to have more advantages than disadvantages in the society today because it reduces the rate of divorce in societies, it brings about peace and harmony in families and it is a secure form of marriage.

The human mind is a delicate thing

The human mind is a delicate thing. At times it can create such wonderful ideas: beautiful art, drama and works of fiction; scientific tools to enrich our lives. Yet it has a dark side, a side people prefer to keep hidden. However there are events which can bring this to the surface; My name is John Frederson; this is my tale†¦ It was about ten years ago now, I was at the height of my childhood and life was wonderful. My parents were wealthy aristocrats who owned a vast estate, one that easily spanned the length of three football pitches; it was like our own private country. The garden brimmed with greenery; there were shrubs and trees everywhere, enhanced by the beautiful roses, tulips and foxgloves creating a living rainbow. If you listened close enough I'm sure the flowers sang along with the chorus instigated by the angelic doves and nightingales; the heavenly tune was comparable to that of any church choir. Now the house, or I should say mansion, we lived in was not as magical as the garden, just a large house, not quite a mansion. There were everyday appliances and creaky floorboards which added to the character of the abode; it was almost like a grandfather to me, providing comforting warmth and security. But that was nothing compared the loving embrace of my parents. Both of them hard working, hones t people: they cleaned the house, tended the gardens and cooked the meals all themselves, they didn't believe in maids or butlers. I loved them more than anything in this world, and thanks to my home tutoring; they were the only friends I had. Then one day it happened. â€Å"Miles! Come here my boy!† my father called to me, so at once I hurried over as fast as I could (he was not a man you kept waiting). â€Å"Yes daddy what do you need?† â€Å"Well your mother is away in the car so perhaps you could cycle down to the store and fetch a jar of coffee and pint of milk for me?† I wasn't sure whether that manner of speaking was put on or if he really did speak so exaggeratedly. But I quickly dispelled these thoughts and sauntered off down the country road to the local supermarket. Looking back, I realise that I was very lucky father sent me out that day. I can't help but wonder, did he know what would happen? I returned to the living room to find my mother and father had been murdered, slaughtered mercilessly by something not human; no one but a demon could commit such an atrocity. Their bodies were sliced up, chopped like vegetables, their heads no longer attached; this was instead all displayed upon our finest dinner service, the heads retaining their tragic expressions of fear. As if that wasn't enough, the neurotic bastard had also drawn, in blood, a gigantic, smiling face across the wall. I honestly didn't know how to react. I kept a tight hold of the plastic handle of the bag. My hand was ripe with sweat. My eyes gazed, unblinking, upon the scene. I look back now and wonder why I didn't shed any tears then. Maybe my emotions were so mixed. Feelings of anger. Feelings of sorrow. All of them trying to claw their way to the surface but in vain. I didn't express what I felt. In truth I didn't know how to. My head was doing somersaults and there was little I could do. I just remained in the doorway, gripping the bag, all the while glaring at the gruesome scene. I regained control of my body and at once proceeded to inspect the atrocious face. Before I could get close enough, crash! The mirror above the mantelpiece fell to the floor shattering into a million fragments. Days, months and years passed yet I retained my youth. The house did not; it was still standing, but withered and decayed. I still showed no sign of expression. The feelings were getting stronger; I felt myself becoming unstable. â€Å"No! I am not going insane!† I said to myself over and over at the time, ironic really. â€Å"The important thing is to get help. Then everything will be better, much better.† Speaking aloud was one of the few comforts I enjoyed. But where could I get help? â€Å"The police think I'm dead; I can't let them to know I'm alive. All my hard work would have been for nothing if that were the case. After-all, a dead boy cannot kill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I was proud of having such a wonderful idea, father was proud too. Since I was declared dead in absentia I was no longer a person. As far as the law were concerned I was a corpse in the ground. I would be their last possible suspect. â€Å"It's brilliant! Now to hunt my prey and make him suffer for what he's done. Then I'll be all better isn't that right mummy?† Rummaging through dusty furniture and cobwebbed walls I searched for the perfect weapon, brutal yet stylish. Something like†¦ a sword. That would be perfect and deliciously ironic; the killer murdered by the same weapon he used. â€Å"Father did you keep any swords? In the study you say? Oh marvellous!† I skipped to my father's old work room filled with a great sense of anticipation: I would have the key to freeing my mind from these shackles. Once I entered the room there it was, displayed upon the wall in all it's glory, yet the blade was sullied by a deep crimson stain. I took it down and grasped it strongly in my right hand. It felt pleasant, almost warm. It offered protection and redemption, yet also wrought pain and suffering: never was there such a poetic weapon. Smiling manically but happily, I left the house. It was time to have my revenge. Rain. Wet and miserable, it shrouded Belle-View house in a haunting grey mist. â€Å"Doctor Robertson, may I have a word?† Jeanne, the carer, called out. â€Å"Yes? What do you need?† the tall old man replied, his face was covered in a fine fur; he was clinging religiously to the little hair that still occupied his head. â€Å"Patient number 33: John Frederson. He hasn't had any medication for three whole days now and people are starting to become disturbed by his screaming and detestable giggling. Permission to tranquillise him before he hurts himself?† she seemed stressed although she would never admit it. â€Å"Yes†¦ yes go ahead,† he took a deep sigh, â€Å"if only they knew the truth.†